How to Use the French Phrase On y Va (Lets Go)

On y va,  pronounced  o(n) nee va,  is an informal expression, one of the most common in the French language, that means literally  were going (there). But in use, it means:  lets go,  wanna go?,  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹here we go.   The French expression  on y va  is a quick and easy way to: suggest an outingask if others are ready to goannounce that its time to leaveindicate the beginning of some activity Why Use On Notice that  on  takes the place of the first person plural, we, in this expression. But the  on  construction  can also easily be replaced with the first person plural  allons-y  as a statement or question  while retaining the same meaning:   Ils nous attendent.  Allons-y. Theyre waiting for us. Lets go.   Generally speaking  on, pronounced with a nasal ohn is the indefinite pronoun and literally means one. Its often equivalent to the English  passive voice,  as in: On ne dit pas à §a. That isnt said. But on  is also very often an informal replacement for we, you, they, someone, or people in general. And that it how it functions in on y va. Examples of On y Va Son nouveau film va ouvrir demain. On y va  ?   His new movie opens tomorrow. Wanna go? / Are we going?Le taxi est arrivà ©, on y va  ?   The taxi is here, (is everyone) ready to go?Voilà  , jai fait la vaisselle. On y va  !   There, I did the dishes. Lets go!Il faut choisir une chanson pour notre sketch. On y va.   We need to choose a song for our sketch. Lets do it. / Lets get started. / Here goes.Allez, monte,  on y va. On peut devenir des hà ©ros ce soir. Come on, get in the car, lets  go. We can make heroes of ourselves tonight.Je fais du chili pour la collecte de fond. Je men fous.  on y va. Im making chili for the fundraiser. I dont give a damn.  Lets go.Tout le monde met ses chaussures et on y va.   Everybody, put on your shoes and  lets go.Allez mon grand,  on y va, à ©carte les jambes. Okay, lets do this.  Come on, spread them. Synonyms of On y Va   Est-ce que tu veux y aller  ?   Do you want to go?  Ãƒâ€¡a te dit  ?   Interested?  On peut y aller si tu veux. We can go if you like.Est-ce que tu es prà ªt / vous à ªtes prà ªts ? Are you ready to go?

Analysis of Power by Audre Lorde - 1546 Words

The Use of â€Å"Power† â€Å"They killed my son in cold blood,† lamented Eloise Armstead. Her husband, Add Armstead, was traveling to work with a companion on Saturday evening in the early 1970s. Thomas Shea and Walter Scott, responding to a call about a cabby that was robbed earlier that day, used this opportunity to rid the world of the wicked and gain a victory for the righteous. Walking along New York Blvd. in South Jamaica, Queens, Shea and his partner pulled alongside the two. Armstead says, as he recalls the incident, â€Å"We were walking, not saying anything to each other, and this car pulls up, and this white fella opens the door with a gun.† To him and his companion it looked like they were going to be robbed, so they ran. As the gunshots†¦show more content†¦Webster defines poetry as literary work in which special intensity is given to the expression of feelings and ideas by the use of distinctive style and rhythm. Rhetoric is only the art of writing and speaking effectiv ely while poetry is the art of speaking emotionally and freely. Lorde says that poetry is to killing yourself as rhetoric is to killing your children. The first lines of the poem is Lorde calling the readers to action, and telling them to put their children first. Feeling fury over the case against Thomas Shea, in the first stanza, in the first four lines of the poem, Lorde tells us that it doesn’t matter the crime or the race, children must come before hatred. She emphasizes on this in the next stanza. In the second stanza, Lorde paints the streets of New York in a grim image. â€Å"I am trapped on a desert of raw gunshot wounds†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This line could also mean that Lorde feels trapped in a society ruled by white male supremacy (the desert) that is still ongoing with no end in sight (raw gunshot wounds). This meaning is more probable because Lorde emphasizes in lines 11 and 12 of the second stanza â€Å"as it [the blood] sinks into the whiteness of the desert†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Next, Lorde makes her call for revenge for the brutality of Clifford Glover. She says that Glover is â€Å"†¦a dead child dragging his shattered black face off the edge of my sleep†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and that â€Å"†¦blood from his punctured cheeks and shoulders is the only liquid for miles†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Her â€Å"stomach churns† atShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Poem Power By Audre Lorde1104 Words   |  5 Pagesfriend to police brutality is the literal death of a person. I gained thi s insight from reading â€Å"Power† by Audre Lorde, â€Å"The Standard Script for the Grieving Mother Whose Black Child has Been Murdered by Police† by B. Sharise Moore, and â€Å"Loving Blackness as a Political Resistance† by Green and Lidinsky. Each piece of writing focuses on an unruly loss of a person, whether a relative or oneself. 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Le Blanc first demonstrates how The Awakening functions as a critique of patriarchy, acknowledging previous feministRead MoreBook Review: Black Feminist Thought (Patricia Hill Collins) Essay1077 Words   |  5 PagesCollins’s work, Black Feminist Thought seeks to center Black Women into intersectionalist thought, addressing the power struggles that face them not only due to their race but also to the gender. Masculine rhetoric and powerful male leaders such as Huey P. Newton and Eldridge Cleaver have overshadowed Black Women’s stories, both in and out of the Civil Right Rights/Black Power Era. It is an analysis that defines Black Feminist Thought, instead of recycling former White Feminist philosophies and providingRead MoreWomen s Roles Of Reproduction1466 Words   |  6 Pagesexistence of women’s sexuality that was detached from the motherhood and marriage obligations. Conversely, other lesbian authors such as Audre Lorde and Adrienne Rich utilized writing, s peeches, and poetry in linking women’s oppression and heterosexuality. These rhetoricians asserted that heterosexuality is an unavoidable institution that is aimed at perpetuating men’s power across race and class. In Lorde’s (1984) Sister Outsider: Essays and Speeches and Rich’s (1980) On Lies, Secrets, and Silence, theseRead MoreAge, Race, Class And Sex : Women Redefining Difference By Audre Lorde1327 Words   |  6 PagesYunqin Chi WGS210 Essay 1 In the article â€Å" Age, Race, Class and Sex: Women Redefining Difference† by Audre Lorde , she talks about the differences between people in our society, the differences between black and white women, the different isms of society, and what we can do to change. The difference in age, race, class and sex is incorrectly classified as good or bad, right or wrong. These categories are then named and accepted for the position of god and the people, the people and the wives, theRead MoreDomestic Violence And Foreign Violence1251 Words   |  6 Pagessexual assault, and/or other abusive behavior as part of a systematic pattern of power and control perpetrated by one intimate partner against another. It includes physical violence, sexual violence, psychological violence, and emotional abuse. The frequency and severity of domestic violence can vary dramatically, however, the one constant component of domestic violence is one partner’s consistent efforts to maintain power and control over the other† (2015). As we have learned thus far in Race, GenderRead MoreThe Cultural Identity Of The Strong Black Woman2874 Words   |  12 Pagesarticle titled This Disease Called Strength: Some Observation on the Compensating Construction of Black Fe male Character, asserts that, â€Å"This strength we celebrate has sometimes crippled black men†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Harris 116) Harris’s claim is supported by the analysis of Margaret and Luke’s relationship in James Baldwin’s play The Amen Corner. In Act II of the play Margaret and Luke are having a conversation after many years of separation, during which he says, â€Å"I was the man you married, Maggie. I weren t supposedRead MoreA Manifesto Of Black Womanhood And Freedom Through Music Essay1764 Words   |  8 Pagesand how they see themselves. Outside of those typical representations the voices of Black women seemed to be muted and at times nonexistent. It was when I discovered African American women writers such as Patricia Hill Collins, Maria W. 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Study Skills Assignment free essay sample

References:13 PLANNING amp; REFLECTING AT POSTGRADUATE LEVEL Task 1 Develop a research strategy explaining EXACTLY how you will find relevant academic material to help you with THIS SPECIFIC ASSIGNMENT, i. e. specific search ‘strategies’ amp; ‘search terms’, which databases amp; journals you will query, how amp; why, etc. 1. Introduction: An assignment is a task that is given to testify a student’s knowledge regarding a particular subject or topic which he/she is asked to produce as a part of his/her academic course and this assignment is usually assessed. However, there are different kinds of assignments given during the course such as theoretical assignments, practical assignments containing theory and some practical approach by conducting primary research for example, development of business plan (Bell, 2002). The student/researcher when given an assignment should first develop an understanding of the contents of the assignment and then should develop a research strategy according to which he/she can start and complete the given assignment. Apart from developing a research strategy for the assignment another important which needs to be considered is the mode of data collection and the sources from where the data for the particular assignment could be gathered. Further the writer needs to keep in mind the length/word count of the assignment, the kind of report required whether an essay is asked to write or a report that might be containing headings, diagrams, charts and graphs (Bell and Chan, 2005). 2. Research strategy: A research strategy is a plan of action that gives direction to your efforts, enabling you to conduct research systematically rather than haphazardly† (Bain, 2000). The following research strategy will be employed to conduct the current assignment: * Thorough study of the topic and related subjects prior to starting the assignment. * Understanding the requirements of the assignment * Thinking of such ideas that can make the assignment different from others. * Inquiring yourself as what do I want to do in the assignment? * Collecting data through browsing different sources. Locating a specific piece of information * Retrieving all the related material on the given subject Further, for the current assignment the research strategy adopted by the writer would be based on the requirements of the assignment. As the assignment requires the development of such a strategy which will help the writer to find the academic material for the current assignment. However the following ways will be utilized to collect data. 3. Data collection methods: The most widely used data collection methods are: * Primary data collection method * Secondary data collection method 4. Primary data collection method: Primary data is usually present in raw form or in the original form which the researcher collects by employing different methods such as questionnaire, observations, and focus groups, personal and telephonic interviews. This kind of data is not used previously in any research or by anyone. Howeve r for the current study this kind of data collection method would not be required as the current assignment does not require any such data that requires the development of questionnaire, conducting interviews or observations (Kumar and Ranjit, 2005). 4. 2 Secondary data collection method: This kind of data already exists in published and non published form, however secondary data is mainly comprised of compiled statistical reports, financial reports, news, articles and journals which could be accessed through different research engines such as Google and through various sources such EMARLD, Mintel, EBSCO, Jstor, Lexis, Key Note, Willey Interscience and Nexis and also through books and web pages. However for completing the current assignment secondary data collection method will be employed and data will be collected through different resources (Dawson, 2002). 4. Resources/Data Access: The information gathered for the current assignment were from different resources such as Journal of Educational Administration, International Studies in Educational Administration, further few books were also employed to gather information such as Developing and applying study skills. London: Chartered Institute of personnel and development, Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling, edition. 9th Canada: John Wiley amp; Sons, The 7 habits of highly effective people. United Kingdom: Simon amp; Schuster UK ltd and Research Methods for Business Students. 5th ed. England: Pearson Education Limited (Saunders et al. , 2003). 5. How and Why: The journal of educational administration was found by using EMARLD, which is an authenticated academic resource and students have access to it through the respective university/college library. Further the international studies in educational administration were also found through EMARLD. The different articles and journal were found by entering the key words of the subject in the search bar and the search engine will find relevant articles. However the different books were accessed through Wiley Interscience such as Developing and applying study skills. London: Chartered Institute of personnel and development, Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling, edition. 9th Canada: John Wiley amp; Sons, however few web pages were also accessed through Google Scholar (http://scholar. google. com). These resources were employed due their academic authenticity as well as they are properly published resources bearing proper author name and the year they were published (Saunders et al. , 2003). Task 2 1. Project Plan: The project plan for the current assignment is simple and is presented as follows: * Understanding the instructions What is the question actually asking for? * Have a quick plan before starting * Collection of information * Use of other authors’ work * Write a more detailed plan * Getting started * Editing the work * Proofreading the draft * The final edit The project plan for starting and completing this assignment is also given in the following form (work break down structure). Work bre ak down structure (WBS) 2. Understanding the instructions: The first and foremost step after getting any kind of assignment is to read it carefully and understand its instructions and for instance if there is ny ambiguity it could be cleared at the beginning so that the assignment could be completed with clear instructions. In case of the current assignment the writer read the instructions and discussed it with the tutor to have a more understanding of the requirements. Moreover, the question/query being asked was fully understood and a quick plan as how to start the assignment was made which included work break down structure and Gantt chart. This further enabled the writer to estimate the time required for the current assignment (Kerzner, 2006) 3. Managing Time Effectively As a Post Graduate Learner: Time management refers to the development of processes and tools that increase efficiency and productivity† (Ward, 2012). Further it allows a person to mange time effectively an d allocates right time to right activity. Managing time effectively allows the individual to prioritize activities according to their importance and allot specific time slot to that activity. Like wise in order to mange time effectively and after having a complete understanding of the instructions the writer was capable of allotting the time required for the current assignment. As time management is critical and important factor in completion of the assignment (Mancini, 2003). 4. Gant chart: The Gantt charts are rigorously used as a project planning tool that could be utilized in order to present the timings of activities that are required to be done in a project. However, Gantt charts are very simple and easy to make and they are widely used by project managers for all type of projects (Durfee, 2008). The following Gantt chart is base on the work break down structure given above. The following graph shows the work load distribution over the week days. It is evident from the graph that more time was given to the assignment on the weekends that is 25 percent on Saturday and 28 percent on Sunday; however the distribution of work is done as per the following percentages on each day. 5. Collection of information: This is the most important activity in making an assignment as the assignment is produced using information gathered from different sources. However, for the current assignment different sources were utilized in order to get good quality academic article, journals, books and web pages. These sources include Journal of Educational Administration; International Studies in Educational Administration, further few books were also employed to gather information such as Developing and applying study skills. London: Chartered Institute of personnel and development, Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling, edition. 9th Canada: John Wiley amp; Sons, The 7 habits of highly effective people. United Kingdom: Simon amp; Schuster UK ltd and Research Methods for Business Students. 5th ed. England: Pearson Education Limited. An important point while gathering information was to consult the core books and such sources that have been recommended by the tutor, apart from these additional information was also gathered. In case if the writer can not get good articles, the best way is to look at the reference list of any one article and the writer can search for the articles and books used by the author of that article. Another important point to be considered is that while collecting information the writer must be sure the material being collected is relevant to the topic he is searching for, otherwise this can distract the writer from the main topic (Covey, 2004). . Write a more detailed plan: In this stage, after collecting the information the writer needs to select the information which is to be included in the assignment and also the order in which it will come. At this stage the writer has to plan how to organize the information and his thoughts for this he may have to write a list, draw flow diagram, an d make charts and tables in order to arrange the information in a symmetrical and presentable form. This practice helps the writer to save time and the assignment will have a flow rather than jumping between different topics. Thus making a detailed plan/structure of the assignment will helps the writer to have a more balanced assignment. 7. Getting Started, Editing the work, proofreading the draft and the final edit After making the structure and flow of the assignment, it is easier for the writer to start the assignment; however, the assignment is usually started with an introduction which is a brief explanation of the topic and this portion gives an insight of the assignment; what is it all about. An important thing which must be remembered that every time the writer makes some notes from a source he/she should keep the reference of the source and it will prevent the assignment from plagiarism and will save time at the end as well. Similarly the writer should make necessary edition in the assignment where necessary, moreover after completing the assignments the writer should proof read the whole draft and make necessary corrections where required and also should check for the grammatical mistakes if any. The writer should follow proper reference style as prescribed by the tutor. Following the above mentioned plan can help the writer make a quality assignment (Currie, 2005). Task 3 Write a 1000 word REFLECTIVE piece (with relevant academic references) that critically analyses the following FOR THIS SPECIFIC ASSIGNMENT: Critical Reflection Report: To begin with, the module study skills for postgraduate learning has been helpful in so many ways as it helped me develop my skills for the post graduate study level. During the course I learnt many things which enabled me to improve my study performance and enhance my skills both at studies and inter personal skills. Further devising a project plan strategy has helped me a lot in enhancing my skills as how a research is done, what are the necessary steps that should be considered, what the different ways through which data could be are collected and how data could be collected. However there were certain problems which were encountered during the research report such as data collection. It was not easy to gather a comprehensive and to the point data from the various resources, therefore the writer has to be very precise and accurate about selection of data as wrong data could lead to ambiguous statements and can distract the writer from main topic. Therefore from the current module I have learnt how to search for a particular topic and how to extract the relevant material from it. However, this practice will remain helpful through my academic career as I will need to search for other subjects as well in order to prepare the assignments (Kolb, 1999). Another aspect which has helped me during this module is the time management. Time management is an effective tool through which one can mange different activities on time and can give proper time for completing the task as well. During the current assignment, in order to complete and submit the assignment on time, I made a proper work break down structure through which I divided each task in small chunks and allotted time as per its priority and this helped me in managing the task in time. Moreover, the division of work according to an allotted time helped me expedite my activities and complete them on time. This particular aspect of time management will be greatly helpful for me in my future life as this practice will allow me to do the tasks in future in the same way. This will further help me to complete my tasks on time also making a break down structure and allotting time will reduce my work burden and I will be able to do the same the work in a more professional and proper manner rather than haphazardly (Allwood, 1980). The process of searching has enabled me to skim through the documents and take the relevant ones out rather studying each and every document and wasting my time. This is an important quality the researcher must posses as in case of short time and where quick action is required, this quality enables the reader to quickly skim through the important notes and respond accordingly (Lillian, 2005) During the course of this assignment as many articles and journals were gathered in order to retrieve useful information for the assignment, by going through this practice, my reading habit has enhanced a lot and reading more has also enhanced my knowledge about particular topic and in future same practice will increase my knowledge about different topics. Another important learning through this assignment is that the more I read different articles and books it enhances my vocabulary. Prior to getting into the reading habit, my vocabulary was week but now if I find I am not aware about any topic or I lack in any information then I search for the particular topic and learn about that topic. The reading habit has made books my friend and through this I enhance my knowledge about different subjects and topics. This habit can help me in future as well as whatever is learnt in present or past does help the individual in future as well and this can save the time of the individual in future from relearning (Martin and Harrell, 2004). Talking specifically of the SSPL assignment, it was a great learning over all. As the assignment itself was focusing primarily on the ways students gathers information in order to make an assignment. For a student it’s a great learning throughout his education career as this enables the student to learn the proper way of making the assignment. This in turn helps the student score good grades. From the current assignment, I came to know that the first thing after getting any assignment or project is to understand its instructions well before starting and after understanding the instructions, an initial plan or structure should be drafted that comprises of the writers ideas, and then information should be gathered accordingly. This drafted structure helped me to have symmetry in my work. However, during the collection of information I came up with better ideas and the information collected gave me new ideas to think in different perspectives about the same topic. Through this assignment I came to learn about making connection of the previous paragraph to the link, rather than jumping from one topic to another (Kim, 2001). Another important learning through this assignment which will benefit me in the future as well is the proper referencing of the information I took from other sources. This prevents me from plagiarism. As plagiarism is copying someone else work or ideas without giving any credit or reference (Burney, 2012). I learnt through this assignment that copy pasting any authors work is unethical, however, if one reproduce any idea in his/her own words by properly referencing it, then it is not plagiarism. However, through this practice I came to know about different styles of referencing such as APA style Harvard style of referencing. To put it in a nutshell, it was a great learning experience through this assignment and it will help me in future to draft quality assignments and score good grades. And it is accurately said by Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. that: â€Å"To be master of any branch of knowledge, you must master those which lie next to it; and thus to know anything you must know all†. ~Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. References: Allwood, J. (1976), Linguistic Communication as Action and Cooperation, Monographs in Linguistics 2, Dept of Linguistics, Goteborg University. Allwood, J. 1980), â€Å"Power and Communication† in Allwood, J amp; Ljung, M (red): Alvar – A festshrift to Alvar Ellegard, SPELL 1, Dept of English, Stockholm University. Bain, A. (2000), â€Å"The school design model: strategy for design of 21st century schools†, in Dimmock, C. and Walker, A. (Eds), Future School Administration: Western and Asian Perspectives, Chinese University Press, Hong Kong, pp. 131-66. Bell, L . (2002), â€Å"Strategic planning and school management: full of sound and fury, signifying nothing? † Journal of Educational Administration, Vol. 0 No. 5, pp. 407-24. Bell, L. and Chan, D. W. K. (2005), â€Å"Principals’ leadership and strategic planning in primary schools in Hong Kong and England: a comparison†, International Studies in Educational Administration, Vol. 33 No. 3, pp. 2-21. Burney, A. (2012), Plagiarism, [online], available at: http://www. uok. edu. pk/news/docs/PlagPres. pdf, accessed on 06/05/2012. Lillian. C, (2005), Intercultural Business Communication, 4th ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Currie D. , (2005) Developing and applying study skills. London: Chartered Institute of personnel and development. Covey S. R. , (2004) The 7 habits of highly effective people. United Kingdom: Simon amp; Schuster UK ltd Dawson, C. (2002), Practical Research Methods, New Delhi, UBS Publishers’Distributors. Durfee, W. (2008), Project Planning and Gantt Charts, [Online], available at: http://www. me. umn. edu/courses/me2011/handouts/proj_planning. pdf, accessed on 05/05/2012. Kumar and Ranjit, 2005, Research Methodology-A Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners,(2nd. ed. ),Singapore, Pearson Education. Kim, Y. Y. 2001), Becoming intercultural: An integrative theory of communication and cross-cultural adaptation. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Kolb D. (1999). The Kolb Learning Style Inventory, Version 3. Boston: Hay Group. Martin, J. N. , amp; Harrell, T. (2004), Intercultural re-entry of students and professionals: Theory and practice. In D. Landis, J. M. Bennett, amp; M. J. Bennett (Eds. ), Handbook of intercultural training, 3rd ed. 309–33 6. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Saunders M. , Lewis P. and Thornhill A. , (2003) Research Methods for Business Students. 5th ed. England: Pearson Education Limited.

Thalidomide free essay sample

As you know a good number of drugs are chemical substances used in the treatment, cure, prevention, or diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental well-being. What most people don’t know is that some of them have side effect that could sometimes be deadly. Thalidomide is one of these drugs which caused â€Å"The biggest tragedy in medical history† in the modern time. Thalidomide was used as sedative prescribed to pregnant women to alleviate the symptoms associated with morning sickness. It was sold in a number of countries across the world from 1957 to 1961 until it was abjured birth defects. Even thought the estimates aren’t precise it is said that there was about 10,000 – 20,000 thalidomide victims. Thalidomide was developed by a German pharmaceutical company. A trusted reporter by the name Martin W. Johnson mentioned evidence that suggested the drug had been developed as a cure to nerve gases. We will write a custom essay sample on Thalidomide or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It also was a drug that was effective against vomiting and nausea, which prevented effect against morning sickness. Thus, thousands of pregnant women heard about it and started to take the drug to relive their symptoms. When a person takes thalidomide, the drug travels throughout the bloodstream, reaching all areas of the body. No one knows exactly how it works. But scientists have observed both its effects and side effects, and from these they have proposed at least three possible mechanisms of action for the drug. 1) In the 1950s when doctors prescribed thalidomide as a sleeping pill for pregnant women, they noticed that it induced a more healthy sleep than did most other sleeping pills. Thalidomide’s mechanism of action was different it turned on the part of the brain that tells the body to sleep, rather than shutting down the part of the brain that tells the body to stay awake. One of its targets in the body is, therefore, the brain. ) A second target is blood vessels. Thalidomide seemed to block the normal development of fetal limbs by preventing angiogenesis, new blood vessel growth. Without blood and the nutrients and growth factors it carries, fetal development was stunted. Thalidomides capacity to obstruct angiogenesis prompted doctors to test the drug as a treatment for cancer patients, be cause like a fetal limb, a tumor needs new blood vessels to grow. Drugs that inhibit the formation of blood vessels stymy tumor growth as well. And lastly 3) doctors realized in the 1960s that thalidomide reduces inflammation. When the body fights foreign material, injured cells release proteins that increase blood flow. TNF-alpha is one of the proteins that is released. Scientists think that thalidomide may block production of TNF-alpha. In the late 1950’s -1960’s more than 10,000 children in 46 countries were born with birth defects, as consequence of thalidomide use. In the United Kingdom approximately 2000 babies were born as victims of thalidomide and in Germany about 2500 victims were born. In the United States the impact was less severe because of the pharmacologists who refused to market thalidomide, claming the need to study more about the drug before use.

Thalidomide free essay sample

As you know a good number of drugs are chemical substances used in the treatment, cure, prevention, or diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental well-being. What most people don’t know is that some of them have side effect that could sometimes be deadly. Thalidomide is one of these drugs which caused â€Å"The biggest tragedy in medical history† in the modern time. Thalidomide was used as sedative prescribed to pregnant women to alleviate the symptoms associated with morning sickness. It was sold in a number of countries across the world from 1957 to 1961 until it was abjured birth defects. Even thought the estimates aren’t precise it is said that there was about 10,000 – 20,000 thalidomide victims. Thalidomide was developed by a German pharmaceutical company. A trusted reporter by the name Martin W. Johnson mentioned evidence that suggested the drug had been developed as a cure to nerve gases. We will write a custom essay sample on Thalidomide or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It also was a drug that was effective against vomiting and nausea, which prevented effect against morning sickness. Thus, thousands of pregnant women heard about it and started to take the drug to relive their symptoms. When a person takes thalidomide, the drug travels throughout the bloodstream, reaching all areas of the body. No one knows exactly how it works. But scientists have observed both its effects and side effects, and from these they have proposed at least three possible mechanisms of action for the drug. 1) In the 1950s when doctors prescribed thalidomide as a sleeping pill for pregnant women, they noticed that it induced a more healthy sleep than did most other sleeping pills. Thalidomide’s mechanism of action was different it turned on the part of the brain that tells the body to sleep, rather than shutting down the part of the brain that tells the body to stay awake. One of its targets in the body is, therefore, the brain. ) A second target is blood vessels. Thalidomide seemed to block the normal development of fetal limbs by preventing angiogenesis, new blood vessel growth. Without blood and the nutrients and growth factors it carries, fetal development was stunted. Thalidomides capacity to obstruct angiogenesis prompted doctors to test the drug as a treatment for cancer patients, be cause like a fetal limb, a tumor needs new blood vessels to grow. Drugs that inhibit the formation of blood vessels stymy tumor growth as well. And lastly 3) doctors realized in the 1960s that thalidomide reduces inflammation. When the body fights foreign material, injured cells release proteins that increase blood flow. TNF-alpha is one of the proteins that is released. Scientists think that thalidomide may block production of TNF-alpha. In the late 1950’s -1960’s more than 10,000 children in 46 countries were born with birth defects, as consequence of thalidomide use. In the United Kingdom approximately 2000 babies were born as victims of thalidomide and in Germany about 2500 victims were born. In the United States the impact was less severe because of the pharmacologists who refused to market thalidomide, claming the need to study more about the drug before use.